Noninvasive Hemodynamic Monitoring in the Intensive Care Unit
This article reviews the clinically available devices that have been approved for noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring in critically ill patients. In addition this article reviews some of the surrogate markers that can be used to assess adequacy of cardiac output.
aDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 834 Walnut Street, Suite 650, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
bDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 834 Walnut Street, Suite 650, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
ABSTRACT