Advertisement
Review Article| Volume 20, ISSUE 1, P1-11, January 2004

Initial management of the trauma patient

  • Christopher F Richards
    Correspondence
    Corresponding author. Center for Policy and Research in Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239
    Affiliations
    Center for Policy and Research in Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA

    Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
    Search for articles by this author
  • John C Mayberry
    Affiliations
    Division of General Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
    Search for articles by this author
      The management of severely injured patients can be complex and requires a familiarity with a large body of clinical information that encompasses several specialties. Thus, organized trauma systems with designated trauma centers and trauma specialists have proven valuable for managing the multiply injured patient [
      • Mann N.C.
      • Mullins R.J.
      • MacKenzie E.J.
      • Jurkovich G.J.
      • Mock C.N.
      Systematic review of published evidence regarding trauma system effectiveness.
      ,
      • Mullins R.J.
      • Mann N.C.
      • Hedges J.R.
      • Worrall W.
      • Jurkovich G.J.
      Preferential benefit of implementation of a statewide trauma system in one of two adjacent states [discussion].
      ]. Unfortunately, only 35 states have formal trauma systems [
      • MacKenzie E.J.
      • Hoyt D.B.
      • Sacra J.C.
      • Jurkovich G.J.
      • Carlini A.R.
      • Teitelbaum S.D.
      • et al.
      National inventory of hospital trauma centers.
      ]. Critical care of the severely injured patient may therefore, at many centers, fall to other critical care physicians. This article discusses the prehospital and initial management steps of the multiply injured patient, focusing on established principles of therapy with which a critical care specialist should be familiar.
      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Critical Care Clinics
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Mann N.C.
        • Mullins R.J.
        • MacKenzie E.J.
        • Jurkovich G.J.
        • Mock C.N.
        Systematic review of published evidence regarding trauma system effectiveness.
        J Trauma. 1999; 47: S25-S33
        • Mullins R.J.
        • Mann N.C.
        • Hedges J.R.
        • Worrall W.
        • Jurkovich G.J.
        Preferential benefit of implementation of a statewide trauma system in one of two adjacent states [discussion].
        J Trauma. 1998; 44: 609-617
        • MacKenzie E.J.
        • Hoyt D.B.
        • Sacra J.C.
        • Jurkovich G.J.
        • Carlini A.R.
        • Teitelbaum S.D.
        • et al.
        National inventory of hospital trauma centers.
        JAMA. 2003; 289: 1515-1522
        • Hall M.J.
        • DeFrances C.J.
        2001 National hospital discharge survey. National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville (MD)2003
        • Anderson R.N.
        Deaths: leading causes for 2000. National Vital Statistics Reports, Hyattsville (MD)2002
      1. Traffic Safety Facts 2001. National Center for Statistics & Analysis, Washington (DC)2001
      2. Report of the Trauma Service. Oregon Health & Science University, Washington (DC)2002
        • Jacobs D.G.
        • Plaisier B.R.
        • Barie P.S.
        • Hammond J.S.
        • Holevar M.R.
        • Sinclair K.E.
        • et al.
        Practice management guidelines for geriatric trauma: the EAST practice management guidelines work group.
        J Trauma. 2003; 54: 391-416
        • Emerman C.S.
        • Shade B.
        • Kubincanek J.
        A comparison of EMT judgment and prehospital trauma triage.
        J Trauma. 1991; 31: 1369-1375
        • Esposito T.J.
        • Sanddal T.L.
        • Reynolds S.A.
        • Sanddal N.D.
        Effect of a voluntary trauma system on preventable death and inappropriate care in a rural state.
        J Trauma. 2003; 54: 663-669
        • Demetriades D.
        • Chan L.
        • Cornwell E.
        • Belzberg H.
        • Burne T.V.
        • Asensio J.
        • et al.
        Paramedic vs private transportation of trauma patients. Effect on outcome.
        Arch Surg. 1996; 131: 133-138
        • Copass M.K.
        • Oreskovich O.R.
        • Bladergroen M.R.
        • Carrico C.J.
        Prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation of the critically injured patient.
        Am J Surg. 1984; 148: 20-26
        • Pepe P.E.
        • Copass M.K.
        • Joyce T.H.
        Prehospital endotracheal intubation: rationale for training emergency medical personnel.
        Ann Emerg Med. 1985; 14: 1085-1092
        • Eckstein M.
        • Alo K.
        The effect of a quality improvement program on paramedic on-scene times for patients with penetrating trauma.
        Acad Emerg Med. 1999; 6: 191-195
        • Eckstein M.
        • Chan L.
        • Schneir A.
        • Palmer R.
        Effect of prehospital advanced life support on outcomes of major trauma patients.
        J Trauma. 2000; 48: 643-648
        • Mattox K.L.
        • Bickell W.
        • Pepe P.E.
        • Burch J.
        • Feliciano D.
        Prospective MAST study in 911 patients.
        J Trauma. 1989; 29: 1104-1111
        • Bochicchio G.V.
        • Ilahi O.
        • Joshi M.
        • Bochicchio K.
        • Scalea T.M.
        Endotracheal intubation in the field does not improve outcome in trauma patients who present without an acutely lethal traumatic brain injury.
        J Trauma. 2003; 54: 307-311
        • Davis D.P.
        • Hoyt D.B.
        • Ochs M.
        • Fortlage D.
        • Holbrook T.
        • Marshall L.K.
        • et al.
        The effect of paramedic rapid sequence intubation on outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.
        J Trauma. 2003; 54: 444-453
        • Martin R.R.
        • Bickwell W.H.
        • Pepe P.E.
        • Burche J.M.
        • Mattox K.L.
        Prospective evaluation of preoperative fluid resuscitation in hypotensive patients with penetrating truncal injury: a preliminary report.
        J Trauma. 1992; 33: 354-361
        • Krantz B.E.
        Advanced trauma life support for doctors. The American College of Surgeons, Chicago (IL)1997
        • Holley J.
        • Jorden R.
        Airway management in patients with unstable cervical spine fractures.
        Ann Emerg Med. 1989; 18: 1237-1239
        • Rhee K.J.
        • Green W.
        • Holcroft H.W.
        • Mangili J.A.
        Oral intubation in the multiply injured patient: the risk of exacerbating spinal cord damage.
        Ann Emerg Med. 1990; 19: 511-514
        • Gerling M.C.
        • Davis D.P.
        • Hamilton R.S.
        • Morris G.F.
        • Vike G.M.
        • Garfin S.R.
        • et al.
        Effects of cervical spine immobilization technique and laryngoscope blade selection on an unstable cervical spine in a cadaver model of intubation.
        Ann Emerg Med. 2000; 36: 293-300
        • Walls R.M.
        Airway management in the blunt trauma patient: how important is the cervical spine?.
        Can J Surg. 1992; 35: 27-30
        • Holmes J.F.
        • Panacek E.A.
        • Sakles J.C.
        • Brofeldt B.T.
        Comparison of two cricothyrotomy techniques: standard method versus rapid four-step technique.
        Ann Emerg Med. 1998; 32: 442-446
        • Gussack G.S.
        • Jurkovich G.J.
        Treatment dilemmas in laryngotracheal trauma.
        J Trauma. 1988; 28: 1439-1444
        • Fuhrman G.M.
        • Stieg 3rd, F.H.
        • Buerk C.A.
        Blunt laryngeal trauma: classification and management protocol.
        J Trauma. 1990; 30: 87-92
        • Victorino G.P.
        • Battistella F.D.
        • Wisner D.H.
        Does tachycardia correlate with hypotension after trauma?.
        J Am Coll Surg. 2003; 196: 679-684
        • Brill S.A.
        • Stewart T.R.
        • Brundage S.I.
        • Schreiber M.A.
        Base defect does not predict mortality when secondary to hyperchloremic acidosis.
        Shock. 2003; 17: 459-462
        • Mattox K.L.
        • Maningas P.A.
        • Moore E.E.
        • Mateer J.R.
        • Marx J.A.
        • Aprahamian C.
        • et al.
        Prehospital hypertonic saline/dextran infusion for post-traumatic hypotension. The U.S.A. Multi-center Trial.
        Ann Surg. 1991; 213: 482-491
        • Maningas P.A.
        • Mattox K.L.
        • Pepe P.E.
        • Jones R.L.
        • Feliciano D.V.
        • Burch J.M.
        Hypertonic saline–dextran solutions for the prehospital management of traumatic hypotension [discussion].
        Am J Surg. 1989; 157: 528-534
        • Rhee P.M.
        • Acosta J.
        • Bridgeman A.
        • Wang D.
        • Jordan M.
        • Rich N.
        Survival after emergency department thoracotomy: review of published data from the past 25 years.
        J Am Coll Surg. 2000; 190: 288-298
        • Muizelaar J.P.
        • Marmarou A.
        • Ward J.D.
        • Kontos H.A.
        • Choi S.C.
        • Becker D.P.
        • et al.
        Adverse effects of prolonged hyperventilation in patients with severe head injury: a randomized clinical trial.
        J Neurosurg. 1991; 75: 731-739
        • Schrot R.J.
        • Muizelaar J.P.
        Mannitol in acute traumatic brain injury.
        Lancet. 2002; 359: 1633-1634
        • The Brain Trauma Foundation. The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. The Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care
        Use of mannitol.
        J Neurotrauma. 2000; 17: 521-525
        • Miller M.T.
        • Pasquale M.D.
        • Bromberg W.J.
        • Wasser T.E.
        • Cox J.
        Not so fast.
        J Trauma. 2003; 54: 52-59
        • Bulger E.N.
        • Arneson M.A.
        • Mock C.N.
        • Jurkovich G.J.
        Rib fractures in the elderly.
        J Trauma. 2000; 48: 1040-1046
        • Wisner D.H.
        A step-wise logistic regression analysis of factors affecting morbidity and mortality after thoracic trauma: effect of epidural analgesia.
        J Trauma. 1990; 30: 799-804
        • Biffl W.L.
        • Harrington D.T.
        • Cioffi W.G.
        Implementation of a trauma survey decreases missed injuries.
        J Trauma. 2003; 54: 38-43
        • Mayberry J.C.
        • Welker K.J.
        • Goldman R.K.
        • Mullins R.J.
        Mechanism of acute ascites formation after trauma resuscitation.
        Arch Surg. 2003; 138: 773-776
        • Ferrara A.
        • MacArthur J.D.
        • Wright H.K.
        • Modlin I.M.
        • McMillen M.A.
        Hypothermia and acidosis worsen coagulopathy in the patient requiring massive transfusion.
        Am J Surg. 1990; 160: 515-518
        • Vaslef S.N.
        • Knudsen N.W.
        • Neligan P.J.
        • Sebastian M.W.
        Massive transfusion exceeding 50 units of blood products in trauma patients [discussion].
        J Trauma. 2002; 53: 291-296
        • Lapointe L.A.
        • Von Rueden K.T.
        Coagulopathies in trauma patients.
        AACN Clin Issues. 2002; 13: 192-203