Advertisement
Review Article| Volume 20, ISSUE 4, P577-607, October 2004

Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in pregnancy

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Critical Care Clinics
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Ashbaugh D.G.
        • Bigelow D.B.
        • Petty T.L.
        • Levine B.E.
        Acute respiratory distress in adults.
        Lancet. 1967; 2: 319-323
        • Murray J.F.
        • Matthay M.A.
        • Luce J.M.
        • Flick M.R.
        An expanded definition of the adult respiratory distress syndrome.
        Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988; 138: 720-723
        • Bernard G.R.
        • Artigas A.
        • Brigham K.L.
        • Carlet J.
        • Falke K.
        • Hudson L.
        • et al.
        The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS: definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994; 149: 818-824
      1. Conference report. Mechanisms of acute respiratory failure.
        Am Rev Respir Dis. 1977; 115: 1071-1078
        • Luhr O.R.
        • Antonsen K.
        • Karlsson M.
        • Aardal S.
        • Thorsteinsson A.
        • Frostell C.G.
        • et al.
        Incidence and mortality after acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome in Sweden, Denmark, and Iceland: the ARF Study Group.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 159: 1849-1861
        • Hudson L.D.
        • Steinberg K.P.
        Epidemiology of acute lung injury and ARDS.
        Chest. 1999; 116: 74S-82S
        • Rubenfeld G.D.
        Epidemiology of acute lung injury.
        Crit Care Med. 2003; 31: S276-S284
        • Goss C.H.
        • Brower R.G.
        • Hudson L.D.
        • Rubenfeld G.D.
        Incidence of acute lung injury in the United States.
        Crit Care Med. 2003; 31: 1607-1611
        • Collop N.A.
        • Sahn S.A.
        Critical illness in pregnancy: an analysis of 20 patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit.
        Chest. 1993; 103: 1548-1552
        • Deblieux P.M.
        • Summer W.R.
        Acute respiratory failure in pregnancy.
        Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1996; 39: 143-152
        • Kirshon B.
        • Hinkley C.M.
        • Cotton D.B.
        • Miller J.
        Maternal mortality in a maternal-fetal medicine intensive care unit.
        J Reprod Med. 1990; 35: 25-28
        • Monaco Jr, T.J.
        • Spielman F.J.
        • Katz V.L.
        Pregnant patients in the intensive care unit: a descriptive analysis.
        South Med J. 1993; 86: 414-417
        • Nagey D.A.
        • Crenshaw M.C.
        Pulmonary complications of isoxsuprine therapy in the gravida.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1982; 59: 38S-42S
        • Catanzarite V.
        • Willms D.
        • Wong D.
        • Landers C.
        • Cousins L.
        • Schrimmer D.
        Acute respiratory distress syndrome in pregnancy and the puerperium: causes, courses, and outcomes.
        Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 97: 760-764
        • Smith J.L.
        • Thomas F.
        • Orme Jr, J.F.
        • Clemmer T.P.
        Adult respiratory distress syndrome during pregnancy and immediately postpartum.
        West J Med. 1990; 153: 508-510
        • Mabie W.C.
        • Barton J.R.
        • Sibai B.M.
        Adult respiratory distress syndrome in pregnancy.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992; 167: 950-957
        • Pelosi P.
        • D'Onofrio D.
        • Chiumello D.
        • Paolo S.
        • Chiara G.
        • Capelozzi V.L.
        • et al.
        Pulmonary and extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome are different.
        Eur Respir J Suppl. 2003; 42: 48s-56s
        • Pelosi P.
        • Gattinoni L.
        Acute respiratory distress syndrome of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary origin: fancy or reality?.
        Intensive Care Med. 2001; 27: 457-460
        • Pelosi P.
        What about primary and secondary ARDS.
        Minerva Anestesiol. 2000; 66: 779-785
        • Hudson L.D.
        • Milberg J.A.
        • Anardi D.
        • Maunder R.J.
        Clinical risks for development of the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 151: 293-301
        • Steinberg K.P.
        • Hudson L.D.
        Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: the clinical syndrome.
        Clin Chest Med. 2000; 21: 401-417
        • Moss M.
        • Thompson B.T.
        Acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        in: Matthay M.A. Definitions and clinical risk factors. Marcel Dekker, New York2003: 7-30
        • Pepe P.E.
        • Potkin R.T.
        • Reus D.H.
        • Hudson L.D.
        • Carrico C.J.
        Clinical predictors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome.
        Am J Surg. 1982; 144: 124-130
        • Moss M.
        • Parsons P.E.
        • Steinberg K.P.
        • Hudson L.D.
        • Guidot D.M.
        • Burnham E.L.
        • et al.
        Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with an increased incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome and severity of multiple organ dysfunction in patients with septic shock.
        Crit Care Med. 2003; 31: 869-877
        • Ware L.B.
        • Matthay M.A.
        The acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 1334-1349
        • Ware L.B.
        • Evans T.W.
        Acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        in: Matthay M.A. Pathogenesis of acute lung injury. Marcel Dekker, New York2003: 147-173
        • Bachofen M.
        • Weibel E.R.
        Structural alterations of lung parenchyma in the adult respiratory distress syndrome.
        Clin Chest Med. 1982; 3: 35-56
        • Bachofen M.
        • Weibel E.R.
        Alterations of the gas exchange apparatus in adult respiratory insufficiency associated with septicemia.
        Am Rev Respir Dis. 1977; 116: 589-615
        • Verghese G.M.
        • Ware L.B.
        • Matthay B.A.
        • Matthay M.A.
        Alveolar epithelial fluid transport and the resolution of clinically severe hydrostatic pulmonary edema.
        J Appl Physiol. 1999; 87: 1301-1312
        • Sprung C.L.
        • Long W.M.
        • Marcial E.H.
        • Schein R.M.
        • Parker R.E.
        • Shomer T.
        • et al.
        Distribution of proteins in pulmonary edema: the value of fractional concentrations.
        Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987; 136: 957-963
        • Raijmakers P.G.
        • Groeneveld A.B.
        • Teule G.J.
        • Thijs L.G.
        Diagnostic value of the gallium-67 pulmonary leak index in pulmonary edema.
        J Nucl Med. 1996; 37: 1316-1322
        • Hurley J.V.
        Current views on the mechanisms of pulmonary oedema.
        J Pathol. 1978; 125: 59-79
        • Pittet J.F.
        • Mackersie R.C.
        • Martin T.R.
        • Matthay M.A.
        Biological markers of acute lung injury: prognostic and pathogenetic significance.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 155: 1187-1205
        • Pittet J.F.
        • Morel D.R.
        • Hemsen A.
        • Gunning K.
        • Lacroix J.S.
        • Suter P.M.
        • et al.
        Elevated plasma endothelin-1 concentrations are associated with the severity of illness in patients with sepsis.
        Ann Surg. 1991; 213: 261-264
        • Ware L.B.
        • Conner E.R.
        • Matthay M.A.
        von Willebrand factor antigen is an independent marker of poor outcome in patients with early acute lung injury.
        Crit Care Med. 2001; 29: 2325-2331
        • Berthiaume Y.
        • Lesur O.
        • Dagenais A.
        Treatment of adult respiratory distress syndrome: plea for rescue therapy of the alveolar epithelium.
        Thorax. 1999; 54: 150-160
        • Kurahashi K.
        • Kajikawa O.
        • Sawa T.
        • Ohara M.
        • Gropper M.A.
        • Frank D.W.
        • et al.
        Pathogenesis of septic shock in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.
        J Clin Invest. 1999; 104: 743-750
        • Matthay M.A.
        • Folkesson H.G.
        • Clerici C.
        Lung epithelial fluid transport and the resolution of pulmonary edema.
        Physiol Rev. 2002; 82: 569-600
        • Ware L.B.
        • Matthay M.A.
        Alveolar fluid clearance is impaired in the majority of patients with acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001; 163: 1376-1383
        • Lewis J.F.
        • Jobe A.H.
        Surfactant and the adult respiratory distress syndrome.
        Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993; 147: 218-233
        • Gregory T.J.
        • Steinberg K.P.
        • Spragg R.
        • Gadek J.E.
        • Hyers T.M.
        • Longmore W.J.
        • et al.
        Bovine surfactant therapy for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 155: 1309-1315
        • Gregory T.J.
        • Longmore W.J.
        • Moxley M.A.
        • Whitsett J.A.
        • Reed C.R.
        • Fowler III, A.A.
        • et al.
        Surfactant chemical composition and biophysical activity in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        J Clin Invest. 1991; 88: 1976-1981
        • Greene K.E.
        • Wright J.R.
        • Steinberg K.P.
        • Ruzinski J.T.
        • Caldwell E.
        • Wong W.B.
        • et al.
        Serial changes in surfactant-associated proteins in lung and serum before and after onset of ARDS.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 160: 1843-1850
        • Greene K.E.
        • Ye S.
        • Mason R.J.
        • Parsons P.E.
        Serum surfactant protein-A levels predict development of ARDS in at-risk patients.
        Chest. 1999; 116: 90S-91S
        • Cheng I.W.
        • Ware L.B.
        • Greene K.E.
        • Nuckton T.J.
        • Eisner M.D.
        • Matthay M.A.
        Prognostic value of surfactant proteins A and D in patients with acute lung injury.
        Crit Care Med. 2003; 31: 20-27
        • Sivan Y.
        • Mor C.
        • al Jundi S.
        • Newth C.J.
        Adult respiratory distress syndrome in severely neutropenic children.
        Pediatr Pulmonol. 1990; 8: 104-108
        • Vansteenkiste J.F.
        • Boogaerts M.A.
        Adult respiratory distress syndrome in neutropenic leukemia patients.
        Blut. 1989; 58: 287-290
        • Ognibene F.P.
        • Martin S.E.
        • Parker M.M.
        • Schlesinger T.
        • Roach P.
        • Burch C.
        • et al.
        Adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe neutropenia.
        N Engl J Med. 1986; 315: 547-551
        • Laufe M.D.
        • Simon R.H.
        • Flint A.
        • Keller J.B.
        Adult respiratory distress syndrome in neutropenic patients.
        Am J Med. 1986; 80: 1022-1026
        • Maunder R.J.
        • Hackman R.C.
        • Riff E.
        • Albert R.K.
        • Springmeyer S.C.
        Occurrence of the adult respiratory distress syndrome in neutropenic patients.
        Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986; 133: 313-316
        • Tate R.M.
        • Repine J.E.
        Neutrophils and the adult respiratory distress syndrome.
        Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983; 128: 552-559
        • Weiss S.J.
        Tissue destruction by neutrophils.
        N Engl J Med. 1989; 320: 365-376
        • Parsons P.E.
        • Fowler A.A.
        • Hyers T.M.
        • Henson P.M.
        Chemotactic activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome.
        Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985; 132: 490-493
        • Steinberg K.P.
        • Milberg J.A.
        • Martin T.R.
        • Maunder R.J.
        • Cockrill B.A.
        • Hudson L.D.
        Evolution of bronchoalveolar cell populations in the adult respiratory distress syndrome.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994; 150: 113-122
        • Lavkan A.H.
        • Astiz M.E.
        • Rackow E.C.
        Effects of proinflammatory cytokines and bacterial toxins on neutrophil rheologic properties.
        Crit Care Med. 1998; 26: 1677-1682
        • Erzurum S.C.
        • Downey G.P.
        • Doherty D.E.
        • Schwab III, B.
        • Elson E.L.
        • Worthen G.S.
        Mechanisms of lipopolysaccharide-induced neutrophil retention: relative contributions of adhesive and cellular mechanical properties.
        J Immunol. 1992; 149: 154-162
        • Skoutelis A.T.
        • Kaleridis V.
        • Athanassiou G.M.
        • Kokkinis K.I.
        • Missirlis Y.F.
        • Bassaris H.P.
        Neutrophil deformability in patients with sepsis, septic shock, and adult respiratory distress syndrome.
        Crit Care Med. 2000; 28: 2355-2359
        • Matute-Bello G.
        • Martin T.R.
        Science review: apoptosis in acute lung injury.
        Crit Care. 2003; 7: 355-358
        • Martin T.R.
        • Nakamura M.
        • Matute-Bello G.
        The role of apoptosis in acute lung injury.
        Crit Care Med. 2003; 31: S184-S188
        • Matute-Bello G.
        • Liles W.C.
        • Radella F.
        • Steinberg K.P.
        • Ruzinski J.T.
        • Jonas M.
        • et al.
        Neutrophil apoptosis in the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 156: 1969-1977
        • Cheng I.W.
        • Matthay M.A.
        Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        Crit Care Clin. 2003; 19: 693-712
        • Webb H.H.
        • Tierney D.F.
        Experimental pulmonary edema due to intermittent positive pressure ventilation with high inflation pressures: protection by positive end-expiratory pressure.
        Am Rev Respir Dis. 1974; 110: 556-565
        • Dreyfuss D.
        • Soler P.
        • Basset G.
        • Saumon G.
        High inflation pressure pulmonary edema: respective effects of high airway pressure, high tidal volume, and positive end-expiratory pressure.
        Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988; 137: 1159-1164
        • Corbridge T.C.
        • Wood L.D.
        • Crawford G.P.
        • Chudoba M.J.
        • Yanos J.
        • Sznajder J.I.
        Adverse effects of large tidal volume and low PEEP in canine acid aspiration.
        Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990; 142: 311-315
        • Parker J.C.
        • Hernandez L.A.
        • Longenecker G.L.
        • Peevy K.
        • Johnson W.
        Lung edema caused by high peak inspiratory pressures in dogs: role of increased microvascular filtration pressure and permeability.
        Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990; 142: 321-328
        • Tsuno K.
        • Miura K.
        • Takeya M.
        • Kolobow T.
        • Morioka T.
        Histopathologic pulmonary changes from mechanical ventilation at high peak airway pressures.
        Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991; 143: 1115-1120
        • Murphy D.B.
        • Cregg N.
        • Tremblay L.
        • Engelberts D.
        • Laffey J.G.
        • Slutsky A.S.
        • et al.
        Adverse ventilatory strategy causes pulmonary-to-systemic translocation of endotoxin.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000; 162: 27-33
        • Verbrugge S.J.
        • Sorm V.
        • van 't Veen A.
        • Mouton J.W.
        • Gommers D.
        • Lachmann B.
        Lung overinflation without positive end-expiratory pressure promotes bacteremia after experimental Klebsiella pneumoniae inoculation.
        Intensive Care Med. 1998; 24: 172-177
        • Nahum A.
        • Hoyt J.
        • Schmitz L.
        • Moody J.
        • Shapiro R.
        • Marini J.J.
        Effect of mechanical ventilation strategy on dissemination of intratracheally instilled Escherichia coli in dogs.
        Crit Care Med. 1997; 25: 1733-1743
        • Slutsky A.S.
        • Tremblay L.N.
        Multiple system organ failure: is mechanical ventilation a contributing factor?.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998; 157: 1721-1725
        • dos Santos C.C.
        • Slutsky A.S.
        Mechanotransduction, ventilator-induced lung injury and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.
        Intensive Care Med. 2000; 26: 638-642
        • Ranieri V.M.
        • Giunta F.
        • Suter P.M.
        • Slutsky A.S.
        Mechanical ventilation as a mediator of multisystem organ failure in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        JAMA. 2000; 284: 43-44
        • Ranieri V.M.
        • Suter P.M.
        • Tortorella C.
        • De Tullio R.
        • Dayer J.M.
        • Brienza A.
        • et al.
        Effect of mechanical ventilation on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.
        JAMA. 1999; 282: 54-61
        • Hickling K.G.
        • Walsh J.
        • Henderson S.
        • Jackson R.
        Low mortality rate in adult respiratory distress syndrome using low-volume, pressure-limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia: a prospective study.
        Crit Care Med. 1994; 22: 1568-1578
        • Brochard L.
        • Roudot-Thoraval F.
        • Roupie E.
        • Delclaux C.
        • Chastre J.
        • Fernandez-Mondejar E.
        • et al.
        Tidal volume reduction for prevention of ventilator-induced lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Multicenter Trail Group on Tidal Volume reduction in ARDS.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998; 158: 1831-1838
        • Stewart T.E.
        • Meade M.O.
        • Cook D.J.
        • Granton J.T.
        • Hodder R.V.
        • Lapinsky S.E.
        • et al.
        Evaluation of a ventilation strategy to prevent barotrauma in patients at high risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome: Pressure- and Volume-Limited Ventilation Strategy Group.
        N Engl J Med. 1998; 338: 355-361
      2. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network.
        N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 1301-1308
        • Eisner M.D.
        • Thompson T.
        • Hudson L.D.
        • Luce J.M.
        • Hayden D.
        • Schoenfeld D.
        • et al.
        Efficacy of low tidal volume ventilation in patients with different clinical risk factors for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004; 164: 231-236
        • The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network
        Higher versus lower positive end-expiratory pressures in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 327-336
        • Humphrey H.
        • Hall J.
        • Sznajder I.
        • Silverstein M.
        • Wood L.
        Improved survival in ARDS patients associated with a reduction in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.
        Chest. 1990; 97: 1176-1180
        • Mitchell J.P.
        • Schuller D.
        • Calandrino F.S.
        • Schuster D.P.
        Improved outcome based on fluid management in critically ill patients requiring pulmonary artery catheterization.
        Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992; 145: 990-998
        • Simmons R.S.
        • Berdine G.G.
        • Seidenfeld J.J.
        • Prihoda T.J.
        • Harris G.D.
        • Smith J.D.
        • et al.
        Fluid balance and the adult respiratory distress syndrome.
        Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987; 135: 924-929
      3. Prospective. Randomized, Multi-Center Trial of Pulmonary Artery Catheter (PAC) vs. Central Venous Catheter (CVC) for Management of Acute Lung Injury (ALI) and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), and Prospective, Randomized, Multi-Center Trial of “Fluid Conservative” vs. “Fluid Liberal” Management of Acute Lung Injury (ALI) and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).FACTT. 2000

        • Rossaint R.
        • Falke K.J.
        • Lopez F.
        • Slama K.
        • Pison U.
        • Zapol W.M.
        Inhaled nitric oxide for the adult respiratory distress syndrome.
        N Engl J Med. 1993; 328: 399-405
        • Dellinger R.P.
        • Zimmerman J.L.
        • Taylor R.W.
        • Straube R.C.
        • Hauser D.L.
        • Criner G.J.
        • et al.
        Effects of inhaled nitric oxide in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: results of a randomized phase II trial: Inhaled Nitric Oxide in ARDS Study Group.
        Crit Care Med. 1998; 26: 15-23
        • Lundin S.
        • Mang H.
        • Smithies M.
        • Stenqvist O.
        • Frostell C.
        Inhalation of nitric oxide in acute lung injury: results of a European multicentre study: the European Study Group of Inhaled Nitric Oxide.
        Intensive Care Med. 1999; 25: 911-919
        • Matthay M.A.
        • Pittet J.F.
        • Jayr C.
        Just say NO to inhaled nitric oxide for the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        Crit Care Med. 1998; 26: 1-2
        • Pelosi P.
        • Brazzi L.
        • Gattinoni L.
        Prone position in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        Eur Respir J. 2002; 20: 1017-1028
        • Pelosi P.
        • Caironi P.
        • Taccone P.
        • Brazzi L.
        Pathophysiology of prone positioning in the healthy lung and in ALI/ARDS.
        Minerva Anestesiol. 2001; 67: 238-247
        • Albert R.K.
        • Hubmayr R.D.
        The prone position eliminates compression of the lungs by the heart.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000; 161: 1660-1665
        • Gattinoni L.
        • Tognoni G.
        • Pesenti A.
        • Taccone P.
        • Mascheroni D.
        • Labarta V.
        • et al.
        Effect of prone positioning on the survival of patients with acute respiratory failure.
        N Engl J Med. 2001; 345: 568-573
        • Vollman K.M.
        • Bander J.J.
        Improved oxygenation utilizing a prone positioner in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        Intensive Care Med. 1996; 22: 1105-1111
        • Anzueto A.
        • Baughman R.P.
        • Guntupalli K.K.
        • Weg J.G.
        • Wiedemann H.P.
        • Raventos A.A.
        • et al.
        Aerosolized surfactant in adults with sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome: Exosurf Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Sepsis Study Group.
        N Engl J Med. 1996; 334: 1417-1421
        • Walmrath D.
        • Gunther A.
        • Ghofrani H.A.
        • Schermuly R.
        • Schneider T.
        • Grimminger F.
        • et al.
        Bronchoscopic surfactant administration in patients with severe adult respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996; 154: 57-62
        • Wiswell T.E.
        • Smith R.M.
        • Katz L.B.
        • Mastroianni L.
        • Wong D.Y.
        • Willms D.
        • et al.
        Bronchopulmonary segmental lavage with Surfaxin (KL(4)-surfactant) for acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 160: 1188-1195
        • Spragg R.G.
        Surfactant replacement therapy.
        Clin Chest Med. 2000; 21: 531-541
        • Gunther A.
        • Schmidt R.
        • Harodt J.
        • Schmehl T.
        • Walmrath D.
        • Ruppert C.
        • et al.
        Bronchoscopic administration of bovine natural surfactant in ARDS and septic shock: impact on biophysical and biochemical surfactant properties.
        Eur Respir J. 2002; 19: 797-804
        • Walmrath D.
        • Grimminger F.
        • Pappert D.
        • Knothe C.
        • Obertacke U.
        • Benzing A.
        • et al.
        Bronchoscopic administration of bovine natural surfactant in ARDS and septic shock: impact on gas exchange and haemodynamics.
        Eur Respir J. 2002; 19: 805-810
        • Lewis J.F.
        • Brackenbury A.
        Role of exogenous surfactant in acute lung injury.
        Crit Care Med. 2003; 31: S324-S328
        • Spragg R.G.
        • Lewis J.F.
        • Wurst W.
        • Hafner D.
        • Baughman R.P.
        • Wewers M.D.
        • et al.
        Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome with recombinant surfactant protein C surfactant.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003; 167: 1562-1566
        • Luce J.M.
        • Montgomery A.B.
        • Marks J.D.
        • Turner J.
        • Metz C.A.
        • Murray J.F.
        Ineffectiveness of high-dose methylprednisolone in preventing parenchymal lung injury and improving mortality in patients with septic shock.
        Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988; 138: 62-68
        • Bernard G.R.
        • Luce J.M.
        • Sprung C.L.
        • Rinaldo J.E.
        • Tate R.M.
        • Sibbald W.J.
        • et al.
        High-dose corticosteroids in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome.
        N Engl J Med. 1987; 317: 1565-1570
        • Weigelt J.A.
        • Norcross J.F.
        • Borman K.R.
        • Snyder III, W.H.
        Early steroid therapy for respiratory failure.
        Arch Surg. 1985; 120: 536-540
        • Meduri G.U.
        • Eltorky M.
        • Winer-Muram H.T.
        The fibroproliferative phase of late adult respiratory distress syndrome.
        Semin Respir Infect. 1995; 10: 154-175
        • Meduri G.U.
        • Belenchia J.M.
        • Estes R.J.
        • Wunderink R.G.
        • el Torky M.
        • Leeper Jr, K.V.
        Fibroproliferative phase of ARDS: clinical findings and effects of corticosteroids.
        Chest. 1991; 100: 943-952
        • Meduri G.U.
        • Tolley E.A.
        • Chrousos G.P.
        • Stentz F.
        Prolonged methylprednisolone treatment suppresses systemic inflammation in patients with unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome: evidence for inadequate endogenous glucocorticoid secretion and inflammation-induced immune cell resistance to glucocorticoids.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002; 165: 983-991
        • Meduri G.U.
        • Headley A.S.
        • Golden E.
        • Carson S.J.
        • Umberger R.A.
        • Kelso T.
        • et al.
        Effect of prolonged methylprednisolone therapy in unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.
        JAMA. 1998; 280: 159-165
      4. Hudson L.D., ARDS Net investigators. Corticosteroids in late phase ARDS: results of the LASRS study presented at the Annual American Thoracic Society Meeting. May 2004, Orlando, FL

        • Montgomery A.B.
        • Stager M.A.
        • Carrico C.J.
        • Hudson L.D.
        Causes of mortality in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome.
        Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985; 132: 485-489
        • Monchi M.
        • Bellenfant F.
        • Cariou A.
        • Joly L.M.
        • Thebert D.
        • Laurent I.
        • et al.
        Early predictive factors of survival in the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multivariate analysis.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998; 158: 1076-1081
        • Milberg J.A.
        • Davis D.R.
        • Steinberg K.P.
        • Hudson L.D.
        Improved survival of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): 1983-1993.
        JAMA. 1995; 273: 306-309
        • Abel S.J.
        • Finney S.J.
        • Brett S.J.
        • Keogh B.F.
        • Morgan C.J.
        • Evans T.W.
        Reduced mortality in association with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
        Thorax. 1998; 53: 292-294
        • Knaus W.A.
        • Sun X.
        • Hakim R.B.
        • Wagner D.P.
        Evaluation of definitions for adult respiratory distress syndrome.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994; 150: 311-317
        • Zilberberg M.D.
        • Epstein S.K.
        Acute lung injury in the medical ICU: comorbid conditions, age, etiology, and hospital outcome.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998; 157: 1159-1164
        • Coss-Bu J.A.
        • Walding D.L.
        • David Y.B.
        • Jefferson L.S.
        Dead space ventilation in critically ill children with lung injury.
        Chest. 2003; 123: 2050-2056
        • Nuckton T.J.
        • Alonso J.A.
        • Kallet R.H.
        • Daniel B.M.
        • Pittet J.F.
        • Eisner M.D.
        • et al.
        Pulmonary dead-space fraction as a risk factor for death in the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 1281-1286
        • Moss M.
        • Mannino D.M.
        Race and gender differences in acute respiratory distress syndrome deaths in the United States: an analysis of multiple-cause mortality data (1979-1996).
        Crit Care Med. 2002; 30: 1679-1685
        • Kollef M.H.
        Acute respiratory failure: a gender-based outcomes analysis.
        J Gend Specif Med. 1998; 1: 24-30
        • Catanzarite V.A.
        • Willms D.
        Adult respiratory distress syndrome in pregnancy: report of three cases and review of the literature.
        Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1997; 52: 381-392
        • Afessa B.
        • Green B.
        • Delke I.
        • Koch K.
        Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, organ failure, and outcome in critically ill obstetric patients treated in an ICU.
        Chest. 2001; 120: 1271-1277
        • Perry Jr, K.G.
        • Martin R.W.
        • Blake P.G.
        • Roberts W.E.
        • Martin Jr, J.N.
        Maternal mortality associated with adult respiratory distress syndrome.
        South Med J. 1998; 91: 441-444
        • Combes A.
        • Costa M.A.
        • Trouillet J.L.
        • Baudot J.
        • Mokhtari M.
        • Gibert C.
        • et al.
        Morbidity, mortality, and quality-of-life outcomes of patients requiring > or = 14 days of mechanical ventilation.
        Crit Care Med. 2003; 31: 1373-1381
        • Davidson T.A.
        • Caldwell E.S.
        • Curtis J.R.
        • Hudson L.D.
        • Steinberg K.P.
        Reduced quality of life in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome compared with critically ill control patients.
        JAMA. 1999; 281: 354-360
        • Schelling G.
        • Stoll C.
        • Haller M.
        • Briegel J.
        • Manert W.
        • Hummel T.
        • et al.
        Health-related quality of life and posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        Crit Care Med. 1998; 26: 651-659
        • Schelling G.
        • Stoll C.
        • Vogelmeier C.
        • Hummel T.
        • Behr J.
        • Kapfhammer H.P.
        • et al.
        Pulmonary function and health-related quality of life in a sample of long-term survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        Intensive Care Med. 2000; 26: 1304-1311
        • Herridge M.S.
        • Cheung A.M.
        • Tansey C.M.
        • Matte-Martyn A.
        • Diaz-Granados N.
        • Al Saidi F.
        • et al.
        One-year outcomes in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        N Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 683-693
        • Peters J.I.
        • Bell R.C.
        • Prihoda T.J.
        • Harris G.
        • Andrews C.
        • Johanson W.G.
        Clinical determinants of abnormalities in pulmonary functions in survivors of the adult respiratory distress syndrome.
        Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989; 139: 1163-1168
        • McHugh L.G.
        • Milberg J.A.
        • Whitcomb M.E.
        • Schoene R.B.
        • Maunder R.J.
        • Hudson L.D.
        Recovery of function in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994; 150: 90-94
        • Orme Jr, J.
        • Romney J.S.
        • Hopkins R.O.
        • Pope D.
        • Chan K.J.
        • Thomsen G.
        • et al.
        Pulmonary function and health-related quality of life in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003; 167: 690-694
        • Neff T.A.
        • Stocker R.
        • Frey H.R.
        • Stein S.
        • Russi E.W.
        Long-term assessment of lung function in survivors of severe ARDS.
        Chest. 2003; 123: 845-853
        • DiFederico E.M.
        • Burlingame J.M.
        • Kilpatrick S.J.
        • Harrison M.
        • Matthay M.A.
        Pulmonary edema in obstetric patients is rapidly resolved except in the presence of infection or of nitroglycerin tocolysis after open fetal surgery.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998; 179: 925-933
        • Pritchard J.A.
        Changes in the blood volume during pregnancy and delivery.
        Anesthesiology. 1965; 26: 393-399
        • Cotton D.B.
        • Gonik B.
        • Spillman T.
        • Dorman K.F.
        Intrapartum to postpartum changes in colloid osmotic pressure.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984; 149: 174-177
        • Benedetti T.J.
        • Carlson R.W.
        Studies of colloid osmotic pressure in pregnancy-induced hypertension.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979; 135: 308-311
        • Phelan J.P.
        Pulmonary edema in obstetrics.
        Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1991; 18: 319-331
        • DiFederico E.M.
        • Harrison M.
        • Matthay M.A.
        Pulmonary edema in a woman following fetal surgery.
        Chest. 1996; 109: 1114-1117
        • Sciscione A.C.
        • Ivester T.
        • Largoza M.
        • Manley J.
        • Shlossman P.
        • Colmorgen G.H.
        Acute pulmonary edema in pregnancy.
        Obstet Gynecol. 2003; 101: 511-515
        • Benedetti T.J.
        • Kates R.
        • Williams V.
        Hemodynamic observations in severe preeclampsia complicated by pulmonary edema.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985; 152: 330-334
        • Bowen R.E.
        • Dedhia H.V.
        • Beatty J.
        • Schiebel F.
        • Koss W.
        • Granados J.
        ARDS associated with the use of sympathomimetics and glucocorticoids for the treatment of premature labor.
        Crit Care Med. 1983; 11: 671-672
        • Armson B.A.
        • Samuels P.
        • Miller F.
        • Verbalis J.
        • Main E.K.
        Evaluation of maternal fluid dynamics during tocolytic therapy with ritodrine hydrochloride and magnesium sulfate.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992; 167: 758-765
        • Pisani R.J.
        • Rosenow III, E.C.
        Pulmonary edema associated with tocolytic therapy.
        Ann Intern Med. 1989; 110: 714-718
        • Russi E.W.
        • Spaetling L.
        • Gmur J.
        • Schneider H.
        High permeability pulmonary edema (ARDS) during tocolytic therapy–a case report.
        J Perinat Med. 1988; 16: 45-49
        • Bader A.M.
        • Boudier E.
        • Martinez C.
        • Langer B.
        • Sacrez J.
        • Cherif Y.
        • et al.
        Etiology and prevention of pulmonary complications following beta-mimetic mediated tocolysis.
        Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1998; 80: 133-137
        • DiFederico E.M.
        • Burlingame J.M.
        • Kilpatrick S.J.
        • Harrison M.
        • Matthay M.A.
        Pulmonary edema in obstetric patients is rapidly resolved except in the presence of infection or of nitroglycerin tocolysis after open fetal surgery.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998; 179: 925-933
        • Ogburn Jr, P.L.
        • Julian T.M.
        • Williams P.P.
        • Thompson T.R.
        The use of magnesium sulfate for tocolysis in preterm labor complicated by twin gestation and betamimetic-induced pulmonary edema.
        Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1986; 65: 793-794
        • Hatjis C.G.
        • Swain M.
        Systemic tocolysis for premature labor is associated with an increased incidence of pulmonary edema in the presence of maternal infection.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988; 159: 723-728
        • Pisani R.J.
        • Rosenow III, E.C.
        Pulmonary edema associated with tocolytic therapy.
        Ann Intern Med. 1989; 110: 714-718
        • Bader A.M.
        • Boudier E.
        • Martinez C.
        • Langer B.
        • Sacrez J.
        • Cherif Y.
        • et al.
        Etiology and prevention of pulmonary complications following beta-mimetic mediated tocolysis.
        Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1998; 80: 133-137
        • de La C.A.
        • Benoit S.
        • Bouregba M.
        • Durand-Reville M.
        • Raucoules-Aime M.
        The treatment of severe pulmonary edema induced by beta adrenergic agonist tocolytic therapy with continuous positive airway pressure delivered by face mask.
        Anesth Analg. 2002; 94: 1593-1594
        • MacLennan F.M.
        • Thomson M.A.
        • Rankin R.
        • Terry P.B.
        • Adey G.D.
        Fatal pulmonary oedema associated with the use of ritodrine in pregnancy: case report.
        Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1985; 92: 703-705
        • Mabie W.C.
        • Sibai B.M.
        Treatment in an obstetric intensive care unit.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 162: 1-4
        • Kilpatrick S.J.
        • Matthay M.A.
        Obstetric patients requiring critical care: a five-year review.
        Chest. 1992; 101: 1407-1412
        • Olarra J.
        • Longarela A.M.
        • Suarez L.
        • Palacio F.J.
        Critically ill obstetric patients treated in an ICU.
        Chest. 2002; 121: 2077-2078
        • Loverro G.
        • Pansini V.
        • Greco P.
        • Vimercati A.
        • Parisi A.M.
        • Selvaggi L.
        Indications and outcome for intensive care unit admission during puerperium.
        Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2001; 265: 195-198
        • Bhagwanjee S.
        • Paruk F.
        • Moodley J.
        • Muckart D.J.
        Intensive care unit morbidity and mortality from eclampsia: an evaluation of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score and the Glasgow Coma Scale score.
        Crit Care Med. 2000; 28: 120-124
        • Lapinsky S.E.
        • Kruczynski K.
        • Seaward G.R.
        • Farine D.
        • Grossman R.F.
        Critical care management of the obstetric patient.
        Can J Anaesth. 1997; 44: 325-329
        • Sibai B.M.
        • Mabie B.C.
        • Harvey C.J.
        • Gonzalez A.R.
        Pulmonary edema in severe preeclampsia-eclampsia: analysis of thirty-seven consecutive cases.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987; 156: 1174-1179
        • Gottlieb J.E.
        • Darby M.J.
        • Gee M.H.
        • Fish J.E.
        Recurrent noncardiac pulmonary edema accompanying pregnancy-induced hypertension.
        Chest. 1991; 100: 1730-1732
        • Henderson D.W.
        • Vilos G.A.
        • Milne K.J.
        • Nichol P.M.
        The role of Swan-Ganz catheterization in severe pregnancy-induced hypertension.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984; 148: 570-574
        • Papadakos P.J.
        • Johnson D.S.
        • Abramowicz J.S.
        • Sherer D.M.
        Adult respiratory distress syndrome: a consideration with rapid respiratory decompensation in association with preeclampsia.
        Am J Crit Care. 1993; 2: 65-67
        • Dildy III, G.A.
        Complications of Preeclampsia.
        in: Dildy III, G.A. Critical care obstetrics. Blackwell Science, Malden (MA)2004: 436-462
        • Douglas K.A.
        • Redman C.W.
        Eclampsia in the United Kingdom.
        BMJ. 1994; 309: 1395-1400
        • Lopez-Llera M.
        Main clinical types and subtypes of eclampsia.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992; 166: 4-9
        • Rizk N.W.
        • Kalassian K.G.
        • Gilligan T.
        • Druzin M.I.
        • Daniel D.L.
        Obstetric complications in pulmonary and critical care medicine.
        Chest. 1996; 110: 791-809
        • Mendelson C.L.
        Aspiration of stomach contents into lungs during obstetric anesthesia.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1946; 52: 191-205
        • Soreide E.
        • Bjornestad E.
        • Steen P.A.
        An audit of perioperative aspiration pneumonitis in gynaecological and obstetric patients.
        Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1996; 40: 14-19
        • Cohen S.E.
        The aspiration syndrome.
        Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1982; 9: 235-254
        • Ashe Jr, J.R.
        Pulmonary aspiration—a life-threatening complication in obstetrics.
        N C Med J. 1976; 37: 655-657
        • Teabeaut J.R.
        Aspiration of gastric contents: an experimental study.
        Am J Pathol. 1952; 28: 51-67
        • Vaughan G.G.
        • Grycko R.J.
        • Montgomery M.T.
        The prevention and treatment of aspiration of vomitus during pharmacosedation and general anesthesia.
        J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1992; 50: 874-879
        • Britto J.
        • Demling R.H.
        Aspiration lung injury.
        New Horiz. 1993; 1: 435-439
        • O'Hare B.
        • Chin C.
        • Lerman J.
        • Endo J.
        Acute lung injury after instillation of human breast milk into rabbits' lungs: effects of pH and gastric juice.
        Anesthesiology. 1999; 90: 1112-1118
        • Engelhardt T.
        • Webster N.R.
        Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in anaesthesia.
        Br J Anaesth. 1999; 83: 453-460
        • Folkesson H.G.
        • Matthay M.A.
        • Hebert C.A.
        • Broaddus V.C.
        Acid aspiration-induced lung injury in rabbits is mediated by interleukin-8-dependent mechanisms.
        J Clin Invest. 1995; 96: 107-116
        • Modelska K.
        • Pittet J.F.
        • Folkesson H.G.
        • Courtney Broaddus V.
        • Matthay M.A.
        Acid-induced lung injury: protective effect of anti-interleukin-8 pretreatment on alveolar epithelial barrier function in rabbits.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 160: 1450-1456
        • Shepherd K.E.
        Acidity and particulate characteristics of aspirated material may affect the severity of pneumonitis.
        Anesthesiology. 2000; 92: 288
        • Handler J.S.
        • Bromage P.R.
        Venous air embolism during cesarean delivery.
        Reg Anesth. 1990; 15: 170-173
        • Vartikar J.V.
        • Johnson M.D.
        • Datta S.
        Precordial Doppler monitoring and pulse oximetry during cesarean delivery: detection of venous air embolism.
        Reg Anesth. 1989; 14: 145-148
        • Younker D.
        • Rodriguez V.
        • Kavanagh J.
        Massive air embolism during cesarean section.
        Anesthesiology. 1986; 65: 77-79
        • Aronson M.E.
        • Nelson P.K.
        Fatal air embolism in pregnancy resulting from an unusual sexual act.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1967; 30: 127-130
        • Batman P.A.
        • Thomlinson J.
        • Moore V.C.
        • Sykes R.
        Death due to air embolism during sexual intercourse in the puerperium.
        Postgrad Med J. 1998; 74: 612-613
        • Bray P.
        • Myers R.A.
        • Cowley R.A.
        Orogenital sex as a cause of nonfatal air embolism in pregnancy.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1983; 61: 653-657
        • Evans K.T.
        • Knight B.
        Forensic radiology.
        Br J Hosp Med. 1986; 36: 14-20
        • Fatteh A.
        • Leach W.B.
        • Wilkinson C.A.
        Fatal air embolism in pregnancy resulting from orogenital sex play.
        Forensic Sci. 1973; 2: 247-250
        • Fyke III, F.E.
        • Kazmier F.J.
        • Harms R.W.
        Venous air embolism: life-threatening complication of orogenital sex during pregnancy.
        Am J Med. 1985; 78: 333-336
        • Herzig N.
        • Mojola J.
        Death from air embolism during pregnancy.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1968; 32: 732
        • Kaiser R.T.
        Air embolism death of a pregnant woman secondary to orogenital sex.
        Acad Emerg Med. 1994; 1: 555-558
        • Kaufman B.S.
        • Kaminsky S.J.
        • Rackow E.C.
        • Weil M.H.
        Adult respiratory distress syndrome following orogenital sex during pregnancy.
        Crit Care Med. 1987; 15: 703-704
        • Lew T.W.
        • Tay D.H.
        • Thomas E.
        Venous air embolism during cesarean section: more common than previously thought.
        Anesth Analg. 1993; 77: 448-452
        • Fong J.
        • Gadalla F.
        • Gimbel A.A.
        Precordial Doppler diagnosis of haemodynamically compromising air embolism during caesarean section.
        Can J Anaesth. 1990; 37: 262-264
        • Fong J.
        • Gadalla F.
        • Druzin M.
        Venous emboli occurring caesarean section: the effect of patient position.
        Can J Anaesth. 1991; 38: 191-195
        • Fong J.
        • Gadalla F.
        • Pierri M.K.
        • Druzin M.
        Are Doppler-detected venous emboli during cesarean section air emboli?.
        Anesth Analg. 1990; 71: 254-257
        • Hollingsworth H.M.
        • Irwin R.S.
        Acute respiratory failure in pregnancy.
        Clin Chest Med. 1992; 13: 723-740
        • Malinow A.M.
        Embolic disorders.
        in: Chestnut D. Obstetric anesthesia. Mosby-Year Book, St.Louis (MO)1994: 722-732
        • Kaunitz A.M.
        • Hughes J.M.
        • Grimes D.A.
        • Smith J.C.
        • Rochat R.W.
        • Kafrissen M.E.
        Causes of maternal mortality in the United States.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1985; 65: 605-612
        • Contreras G.
        • Gutierrez M.
        • Beroiza T.
        • Fantin A.
        • Oddo H.
        • Villarroel L.
        • et al.
        Ventilatory drive and respiratory muscle function in pregnancy.
        Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991; 144: 837-841
        • Baldwin G.R.
        • Moorthi D.S.
        • Whelton J.A.
        • MacDonnell K.F.
        New lung functions and pregnancy.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977; 127: 235-239
        • Crapo R.O.
        Normal cardiopulmonary physiology during pregnancy.
        Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1996; 39: 3-16
        • Morishima H.O.
        • Daniel S.S.
        • Adamsons Jr, K.
        • James L.S.
        Effects of positive pressure ventilation of the mother upon the acid-base state of the fetus.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1965; 93: 269-273
        • Motoyama E.K.
        • Rivard G.
        • Acheson F.
        • Cook C.D.
        Adverse effect of maternal hyperventilation on the foetus.
        Lancet. 1966; 1: 286-288
        • Lumley J.
        • Wood C.
        Effect of changes in maternal oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions on the fetus.
        Clin Anesth. 1974; 10: 121-137
        • Behrman R.E.
        • Parer J.T.
        • Novy M.J.
        Acute maternal respiratory alkalosis (hyperventilation) in the pregnant rhesus monkey.
        Pediatr Res. 1967; 1: 354-363
        • Bruce D.A.
        Effects of hyperventilation on cerebral blood flow and metabolism.
        Clin Perinatol. 1984; 11: 673-680
        • Walker A.M.
        • Oakes G.K.
        • Ehrenkranz R.
        • McLaughlin M.
        • Chez R.A.
        Effects of hypercapnia on uterine and umbilical circulations in conscious pregnant sheep.
        J Appl Physiol. 1976; 41: 727-733
        • Campbell L.A.
        • Klocke R.A.
        Implications for the pregnant patient.
        Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001; 163: 1051-1054
        • Meschia G.
        Placental respiratory gas exchange and fetal oxygenation.
        in: Creasy R.K. Resnik R. Maternal-fetal medicine. WB Saunders, Philadelphia1999: 260-269
        • Eisenach J.C.
        Uteroplacental blood flow.
        in: Chestnut D.H. Obstetric anesthesia: principles and practice. Mosby-Year Book, Inc, St. Louis (MO)1994: 43-56
        • Wyncoll D.L.
        • Evans T.W.
        Acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        Lancet. 1999; 354: 497-501
        • Schuster D.P.
        Fluid management in ARDS: “keep them dry” or does it matter?.
        Intensive Care Med. 1995; 21: 101-103
        • Shoemaker W.C.
        • Appel P.L.
        Effects of prostaglandin E1 in adult respiratory distress syndrome.
        Surgery. 1986; 99: 275-283
        • Vincent J.L.
        • Brase R.
        • Santman F.
        • Suter P.M.
        • McLuckie A.
        • Dhainaut J.F.
        • et al.
        A multi-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of liposomal prostaglandin E1 (TLC C-53) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
        Intensive Care Med. 2001; 27: 1578-1583
        • Abraham E.
        • Baughman R.
        • Fletcher E.
        • Heard S.
        • Lamberti J.
        • Levy H.
        • et al.
        Liposomal prostaglandin E1 (TLC C-53) in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a controlled, randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. TLC C-53 ARDS Study Group.
        Crit Care Med. 1999; 27: 1478-1485
        • Metz C.
        • Sibbald W.J.
        Anti-inflammatory therapy for acute lung injury: a review of animal and clinical studies.
        Chest. 1991; 100: 1110-1119
        • Gnidec A.G.
        • Sibbald W.J.
        • Cheung H.
        • Metz C.A.
        Ibuprofen reduces the progression of permeability edema in an animal model of hyperdynamic sepsis.
        J Appl Physiol. 1988; 65: 1024-1032
        • Major C.A.
        • Lewis D.F.
        • Harding J.A.
        • Porto M.A.
        • Garite T.J.
        Tocolysis with indomethacin increases the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in the low-birth-weight neonate.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994; 170: 102-106
        • Merrill J.D.
        • Clyman R.I.
        • Norton M.E.
        Indomethacin as a tocolytic agent: the controversy continues.
        J Pediatr. 1994; 124: 734-736
        • Norton M.E.
        • Merrill J.
        • Cooper B.A.
        • Kuller J.A.
        • Clyman R.I.
        Neonatal complications after the administration of indomethacin for preterm labor.
        N Engl J Med. 1993; 329: 1602-1607
        • Bernard G.R.
        • Wheeler A.P.
        • Russell J.A.
        • Schein R.
        • Summer W.R.
        • Steinberg K.P.
        • et al.
        The effects of ibuprofen on the physiology and survival of patients with sepsis: the Ibuprofen in Sepsis Study Group.
        N Engl J Med. 1997; 336: 912-918
        • Gonik B.
        Septic shock in obstetrics.
        Clin Perinatol. 1986; 13: 741-754
        • Ayadi S.
        • Carbillon L.
        • Varlet C.
        • Uzan M.
        • Pourriat J.L.
        Fatal sepsis due to Escherichia coli after second-trimester amniocentesis.
        Fetal Diagn Ther. 1998; 13: 98-99
        • Wilkins I.
        • Mezrow G.
        • Lynch L.
        • Bottone E.J.
        • Berkowitz R.L.
        Amnionitis and life-threatening respiratory distress after percutaneous umbilical blood sampling.
        Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989; 160: 427-428
        • Manning F.A.
        Fetal biophysical profile: a critical appraisal.
        Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2002; 45: 975-985
        • Manning F.A.
        Dynamic ultrasound-based fetal assessment: the fetal biophysical profile score.
        Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1995; 38: 26-44
        • Ackerman III, W.E.
        • Molnar J.M.
        • Juneja M.M.
        Beneficial effect of epidural anesthesia on oxygen consumption in a parturient with adult respiratory distress syndrome.
        South Med J. 1993; 86: 361-364
        • Hankins G.D.
        • Nolan T.E.
        Adult respiratory distress syndrome in obstetrics.
        Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1991; 18: 273-287
        • Hankins G.D.
        Acute respiratory failure.
        Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 33: 493-501
        • Daily W.H.
        • Katz A.R.
        • Tonnesen A.
        • Allen S.J.
        Beneficial effect of delivery in a patient with adult respiratory distress syndrome.
        Anesthesiology. 1990; 72: 383-386
        • Tomlinson M.W.
        • Caruthers T.J.
        • Whitty J.E.
        • Gonik B.
        Does delivery improve maternal condition in the respiratory-compromised gravida?.
        Obstet Gynecol. 1998; 91: 108-111